Detecting Lorentz-violation induced by a tensor field with S-star's motion around Sgr A*

Abstract

Testing Lorentz symmetry in strong gravitational fields provides a unique probe of extensions to standard model. The orbiting motions of the S-stars around the supermassive black hole Sgr~A* provide a natural laboratory for such tests. In this paper, we analyze the S2 orbital data focusing on a static and spherically symmetric black hole within Kalb--Ramond gravity, where the deviations from general relativity are encoded in a single Lorentz-violating parameter $\ell$ introduced by the Kalb--Ramond tensor field. Using a full 14-dimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis under uniform and Gaussian priors, we obtain $\ell = {1.60 \times 10^{-5}}^{+1.38 \times 10^{-4}}_{-1.76 \times 10^{-4}} $ and $\ell = {-1.02 \times 10^{-5}}^{+1.26 \times 10^{-4}}_{-1.19 \times 10^{-4}} $ at $1\sigma$ confidence level, respectively. These constraints are about three orders of magnitude tighter than those from Event Horizon Telescope imaging of Sgr~A*. We also perform MCMC simulation by fitting data of S38 and S55 stars, as well as their joint analysis. Our results show that the best fit values of $\ell$ in all simulations are always of $10^{-5}$ order, but S2 star provides the most stringent constraints on the parameters because S2 star has higher precision observational data comparing to the fewer public data for other two stars.