Particle tracking with physics-informed deep learning methods

Abstract

Simulating the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields is essential for designing and optimising particle accelerators. Conventional tools rely on symplectic integration schemes, which provide high accuracy but are computationally expensive. As a consequence, optimisation in moderate to high-dimensional parameter spaces as well as simulations of tens of thousands to millions of particles can be computationally prohibitive. This contribution explores the possibilities of employing modern machine-learning based tools, in particular SympNet and DeepONet, to enable fast particle simulations. A major novelty is the modification of the conventional SympNet architecture to enable learning of parametric Hamiltonian dynamics. The models are trained and tested on a toy setup of a circular accelerator comprising two different types of quadrupole magnets with varying field strengths. All models achieved faster inference than the symplectic integrator, at the expanse of significantly reduced accuracy. The SympNet implementation achieved the lowest mean squared error. Additionally, a DeepONet was employed to predict the evolution of particle densities, derived from the single-particle simulations.