Gravitational caloric theory: From early dark energy to a wide variety of gravitational phenomena

Abstract

We propose gravitational caloric theory (GCT) --- an extension of general relativity that features a vector field $S_\mu$ sourced by and non-minimally coupled to the fluid sector while preserving covariant conservation of the standard fluid energy-momentum tensor. Our initial motivation is to trigger early dark energy (EDE) using the total fluid equation of state that encodes the cosmic radiation-matter transition. This mechanism provides a natural resolution of the EDE coincidence problem. The cosmological background dynamics are analyzed in detail by casting the evolution equations into dynamical-system form and, in relevant reduced cases, using Poincar\'e compactification to uncover the corresponding global phase-space structure. Beyond EDE, GCT admits two novel cosmological applications associated with critical points at infinity. Both arise from a class of energy-cancelling solutions in which conventional energy components preferentially excite $S_\mu$ rather than source spacetime curvature. One is a $\Lambda$-cancelling solution that realizes the self-tuning mechanism for the old cosmological constant problem. Yet it remains incomplete. The other is a fluid-cancelling solution that serves as the basis for our proposed \textit{early static hot Universe}. In this scenario, $S_\mu$ offsets the gravitational effect of ordinary hot gas, yielding quasi-static expansion with a decreasing comoving Hubble radius that can address the horizon problem. This offers an alternative to inflation. Furthermore, its \textit{hot} ingredient distinguishes this scenario from other quasi-static early Universe models and may leave observable signatures in primordial fluctuations. To probe the viability of GCT beyond cosmology, we further analyze linear perturbations about Minkowski spacetime and investigate static spherically symmetric (strong-field) systems. (Abstract abridged to meet arXiv limits.)