Comparative analysis of wavenumber response in phase contrast and spiral phase imaging systems for plasma diagnostics

Abstract

Phase contrast imaging (PCI) has been used for decades to study plasma density fluctuations, but its wavenumber response $k$ is constrained by the phase plate groove width and beam waist. Spiral phase contrast imaging (SPCI) with a spiral phase plate may offer broader sensitivity, even though its output signal is quadratic, because it has no constraint except at the central singularity, i.e., $k = 0$. In this work, we numerically compare the wavenumber response of both techniques using two distinct models: (i) static square phase objects with scale lengths $R$ ranging from 5 to 25 mm, and (ii) a time-evolving, anisotropic, multi-scale turbulence field with a Kolmogorov-like spectrum. For static square objects, PCI exhibits a lower cutoff at $k_{\text{min}} \approx 0.1$ mm$^{-1}$, while SPCI produces measurable signals down to $k_{\text{min}} \approx 0.007$ mm$^{-1}$ via the autocorrelation of the gradient spectrum. For the plasma-like turbulence model, PCI retains its lower cutoff at $k \approx 0.1$ mm$^{-1}$. In contrast, SPCI produces measurable signals down to $k \approx 0.007$ mm$^{-1}$. These results suggest that SPCI provides low-wavenumber information below the PCI cutoff, offering complementary diagnostic information for multi-scale plasma turbulence studies.